Surprisingly Internet is not a recent development but an idea that has been around for more than35 years.
The concept:
The concept first took shape during the early and mid 1960s and was based on the work of computer scientists at MIT and the RAND Corporation at United States and the NPL Research Laboratory in Great Britain. The first proposal of building a computer network was made by J.C.R.Licklider of MIT in august 1962.He convinced other researchers at MIT of the validity of his idea, including Larry Roberts and Leonard Kleinrock. From 1962 to 1967 they and others investigated the theoretical function of wide area networking.
APRA:
In 1966 Robert moved to Advanced Research Project agency (APRA), a small research office of the Department of Defense charged with developing technology that could be of use to the U.S. military. APRA was interested in packet switched networking because it seems to be more secure form of telecommunications during wartime.APRA founded a number of network –related research projects and in 1967 Roberts presented the first research paper describing APRA’s plan to build a wide area packet switched computer network. For the next two years, work proceeds on designing the network and hardware.The APRANET grew quickly during the early 1970’s and it was formally demonstrated to the scientific community at the international conference in 1972.It is also in late 1972 that the first “killer appp” was developed-electronic mail.The success of the APRANET in the 197-‘s led other researchers to develop similar type of computer networks to support information exchange witting their own specific scientific area, HEPNet, CSNET and MFENet .The 1970s were a time of rapid expansion of networks in both academic and commercial communities.
Protocols:
Farsighted researchers at APRA, in particular Robert Kahn, realized the rapid and unplanned Proliferation of independent networks would let to incompatibilities and prevent users on different network from the communicating with each other. He developed the concept of internetworking, which stated that any wide area network is free to do what ever it wants internally. However, at the point where two networks meet both must use a common addressing scheme and identical protocols-that is, they must speak the same language.Figure shows a diagram of a “network of networks”. It shows four wide areas networks called A, B, C and D interconnected by a device-classed gateway that makes internetworking connections and provides routing between different WANs.
To allow the four WANs , Kahn and his colleagues needed to create (1) a standardized way of node in one WAN to identify a node located in a different WAN, and (2) a universally recognized message format for exchanging information across WAN boundaries, khan along with Dr, Vinton Cerf of Stanford, began working on these problems in 1973 and together they designed the solutions that were to become the framework for he internet.During the late 1970’s and early 1980’s work proceeded on implementing and installing TCP/IP on not only the mainframe computers but also on the PCs and desktop machines that were just starting to appear in the marketplaceBy the early 1980s, TCP/IP was being used all around the world. At the same time exciting new applications appeared that were designed to meet the growing needs of the networking community.With TCP/IP becoming a de facto network standard, a global addressing scheme, and growing set of important applications, the infrastructure was in the place of creation of a truly international network. The Internet, in its modern form, had slowly begun to emerge.One last step was needed, and it was taken by the National Science Forum (NFS), in 1984.In 1984, NFS indicated a project which goal was to bring the advantages of the internet to the entire academic and professional community, regardless of discipline or relationship with the DOD.Thus by the mid of 1980’s the emerging ‘network of networks’ had grown to many new sites and even more importantly a huge group of first time users such as students, faculty, librarians, museum staff, politicians, civil servants and urban planners, to name just a few,At about the same time , other contras began developing wide area network TCP/IP backbone networks like NFSNer it interconnect their own medical centers school research center and government agencies.
The Internet:
Some time in the late 1980s APRANET ceased to be used because the APRANET was now only one networking beginning to a much larger collection. People had begun referring to the entire collection of interconnected networks as “the Internet” though the name was not officially adopted until much later. The formal acceptance of the term Internet by the U.s. government occurred on October 24 1995.The goal of National Science Foundation is to fund basic reseat, not to operate and ongoing commercial enterprise.In 1995 NFSNet closed up shop. The Exit of the US government from the networking area created business opportunities for new firms called Internet Service Providers that offered the Internet access provided by APRANTE and NFSNet.From a humble beginning in four Universities in 1969, By the middle of 2003 the Internet had grown to 1971000000 computers located just about every country in the world. The extraordinary growth of the Internet continues to this very day.
The concept:
The concept first took shape during the early and mid 1960s and was based on the work of computer scientists at MIT and the RAND Corporation at United States and the NPL Research Laboratory in Great Britain. The first proposal of building a computer network was made by J.C.R.Licklider of MIT in august 1962.He convinced other researchers at MIT of the validity of his idea, including Larry Roberts and Leonard Kleinrock. From 1962 to 1967 they and others investigated the theoretical function of wide area networking.
APRA:
In 1966 Robert moved to Advanced Research Project agency (APRA), a small research office of the Department of Defense charged with developing technology that could be of use to the U.S. military. APRA was interested in packet switched networking because it seems to be more secure form of telecommunications during wartime.APRA founded a number of network –related research projects and in 1967 Roberts presented the first research paper describing APRA’s plan to build a wide area packet switched computer network. For the next two years, work proceeds on designing the network and hardware.The APRANET grew quickly during the early 1970’s and it was formally demonstrated to the scientific community at the international conference in 1972.It is also in late 1972 that the first “killer appp” was developed-electronic mail.The success of the APRANET in the 197-‘s led other researchers to develop similar type of computer networks to support information exchange witting their own specific scientific area, HEPNet, CSNET and MFENet .The 1970s were a time of rapid expansion of networks in both academic and commercial communities.
Protocols:
Farsighted researchers at APRA, in particular Robert Kahn, realized the rapid and unplanned Proliferation of independent networks would let to incompatibilities and prevent users on different network from the communicating with each other. He developed the concept of internetworking, which stated that any wide area network is free to do what ever it wants internally. However, at the point where two networks meet both must use a common addressing scheme and identical protocols-that is, they must speak the same language.Figure shows a diagram of a “network of networks”. It shows four wide areas networks called A, B, C and D interconnected by a device-classed gateway that makes internetworking connections and provides routing between different WANs.
To allow the four WANs , Kahn and his colleagues needed to create (1) a standardized way of node in one WAN to identify a node located in a different WAN, and (2) a universally recognized message format for exchanging information across WAN boundaries, khan along with Dr, Vinton Cerf of Stanford, began working on these problems in 1973 and together they designed the solutions that were to become the framework for he internet.During the late 1970’s and early 1980’s work proceeded on implementing and installing TCP/IP on not only the mainframe computers but also on the PCs and desktop machines that were just starting to appear in the marketplaceBy the early 1980s, TCP/IP was being used all around the world. At the same time exciting new applications appeared that were designed to meet the growing needs of the networking community.With TCP/IP becoming a de facto network standard, a global addressing scheme, and growing set of important applications, the infrastructure was in the place of creation of a truly international network. The Internet, in its modern form, had slowly begun to emerge.One last step was needed, and it was taken by the National Science Forum (NFS), in 1984.In 1984, NFS indicated a project which goal was to bring the advantages of the internet to the entire academic and professional community, regardless of discipline or relationship with the DOD.Thus by the mid of 1980’s the emerging ‘network of networks’ had grown to many new sites and even more importantly a huge group of first time users such as students, faculty, librarians, museum staff, politicians, civil servants and urban planners, to name just a few,At about the same time , other contras began developing wide area network TCP/IP backbone networks like NFSNer it interconnect their own medical centers school research center and government agencies.
The Internet:
Some time in the late 1980s APRANET ceased to be used because the APRANET was now only one networking beginning to a much larger collection. People had begun referring to the entire collection of interconnected networks as “the Internet” though the name was not officially adopted until much later. The formal acceptance of the term Internet by the U.s. government occurred on October 24 1995.The goal of National Science Foundation is to fund basic reseat, not to operate and ongoing commercial enterprise.In 1995 NFSNet closed up shop. The Exit of the US government from the networking area created business opportunities for new firms called Internet Service Providers that offered the Internet access provided by APRANTE and NFSNet.From a humble beginning in four Universities in 1969, By the middle of 2003 the Internet had grown to 1971000000 computers located just about every country in the world. The extraordinary growth of the Internet continues to this very day.
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